黑龙江龙凤保护区秋季鸟类群落特征

为了了解龙凤保护区秋{鸟类群落的基本情况,2013年10～11月采用样线法进行了鸟类群落调查。共监测到鸟类8目、14科、37种;雁形目、鸥形目和鹤形目为该季节的优势目;红嘴鸥为优势种,其次为骨顶鸡和赤膀鸭;区系组成中以古北种为主（占67．57％）,兼合广布种;居留型以夏候鸟为主（占78．38％）,均为以游禽为主的水鸟;保护物种较多（近30％）;栖息环境包括芦苇沼泽、明水面及稀树带,芦苇沼泽为偏爱生境;物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度均不高甚至偏低。基于调查结果,提出了相应的管理和保护建议。     

一株J亚型禽白血病病毒的分离鉴定及其gp85基因的序列分析

为确定安徽巢湖某地方品种养鸡场的疑似禽白血病(avian leukosis,AL)的病原,以DF-1细胞从肿瘤组织中分离病毒,采用RT-PCR方法进行鉴定,并对其感染细胞上清进行透射电镜观察。同时对送检病鸡的心、肝、脾及腺胃等进行组织病理学观察,最后将扩增出的gp85基因与GenBank收录的其他ALV序列进行比对分析。结果表明:PCR扩增产物大小约为928 bp,经测序证实为ALV gp85基因,将该分离株命名为AHCH-2018株。透射电镜观察到具有囊膜的大小约100 nm的病毒粒子。组织病理学结果显示,病鸡的心、肝、脾及腺胃中有大量成灶淋巴细胞增殖。遗传进化分析结果表明,分离株的gp85基因与多株ALV J参考毒株核苷酸序列的同源性为94.1%~99.5%,且与GD1401J株的核苷酸同源性最高,达99.5%,与A、B、C、D、E亚群同源性为46.5%~49.7%。该分离株与J亚群原型毒株处于同一大分支。本研究为了解安徽土鸡种群中禽白血病的分子流行病学特点提供了一定的数据参考。     

tva受体基因起始密码子突变对鸡感染A亚群禽白血病病毒的影响

【目的】探索tva受体基因起始密码子突变(tva c.3G>A)对鸡感染A亚群禽白血病病毒(Avian leukemia virus subgroup A, ALV-A)的影响。【方法】利用Sanger测序和RT-PCR验证我国黄羽肉鸡存在tva c.3G>A突变。利用流式细胞术检测tva c.3G>A突变对鸡体外感染RCASBP(A)-GFP荧光报告病毒的影响。通过ALV-A体内攻毒试验,探究tva c.3G>A突变对鸡体内感染ALV-A的影响。利用直接测序方法对我国黄羽肉鸡品系tva c.3G>A突变位点进行基因分型。【结果】Sanger测序和RT-PCR结果鉴定我国黄羽肉鸡品系tva基因编码区第3位碱基由G突变为A,该突变引起tva基因起始密码子序列由ATG突变为ATA。流式细胞术检测结果显示野生型tva c.3G/G鸡胚成纤维细胞(Chicken embryo fibroblast, CEF)对RCASBP(A)-GFP易感,纯合突变型tva c.3A/A CEF抗RCASBP(A)-GFP感染,表明tva c.3G>A突变导致鸡体外抗RCA...     

SMAD1基因的沉默和过表达及对秦川牛原代成肌细胞生肌的影响

【目的】为了探索秦川牛（Bos taurus）SMAD1基因在成肌细胞分化过程中的分子作用机制,通过研究沉默、过表达该基因后对牛原代成肌细胞分化及成肌相关基因表达量的影响,以期为BMP信号通路在牛肌肉组织生长发育过程中的作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】根据Genbank牛SMAD1（NM_001077107.2）已知序列设计并合成靶向沉默SMAD1基因的干扰序列siSMAD1和阴性对照siRNA-NC。以秦川牛原代成肌细胞cDNA为模板,利用PCR技术克隆获得SMAD1基因CDS序列,构建腺病毒过表达穿梭载体pDC316-mCMV-EGFP-bSMAD1。将腺病毒基因组质粒和腺病毒载体穿梭质粒共转染到HEK 293细胞中,通过Cre-loxp重组酶获得重组腺病毒。获得的携带目的基因的腺病毒标记为AD-bSMAD1,重组质粒pDC316-EGFP标记为AD-NC,用做对照组病毒,利用LaSRT法测定腺病毒的滴度。将获得的干扰序列siSMAD1和过表达腺病毒AD-bSMAD1分别侵染秦川牛原代成肌细胞,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测SMAD1基因和成肌标志基因MyoD、Myf5、MyoG的mRNA水平,并观察对细胞分化融合情况的影响。【结果】成功获得了1条能有效沉默SMAD1基因siRNA,将其转染秦川牛原代成肌细胞后进行人工诱导分化,相比对照组,SMAD1基因分别下调了75.4%（诱导1d,P<0.01）、66.7%（诱导3d,P<0.01）、60.0%（诱导6d,P<0.01）、54.7%（诱导9d,P<0.01）。此外,还成功构建了秦川牛SMAD1基因的腺病毒过表达穿梭载体,获得了滴度为1×10 ¹⁰pfu/mL的过表达重组腺病毒AD-bSMAD1。与对照组相比,高滴度过表达病毒AD-bSMAD1侵染秦川牛原代成肌细胞0、1、3、6、9d后,与对照组相比,SMAD1基因的表达水平分别上调了2.10倍（诱导1d）、3.19倍（诱导3d）、105.3倍（诱导3d）,P<0.01）和144倍（诱导9d,P<0.01）;结合肌管形成过程的变化和实时荧光定量结果证明,SMAD1基因促进原代成肌细胞分化和肌管形成,并显著上调成肌标志基因MyoD、Myf5、MyoG的表达。 【结论】获得了能有效沉默秦川牛原代成肌细胞SMAD1表达的特异性的干扰序列siSMAD1,以及可成功实现过表达SMAD1基因的腺病毒介导的体外表达载体,可正向调控成肌细胞的分化和肌管形成过程。     

Epidemiology and conservation implications of Trichomonas gallinae infection in the endangered Mauritian pink pigeon

Despite increasing recognition of the role of exotic pathogens in species decline, comprehensive studies of wildlife disease epidemiology in threatened species are rare. We investigated the epidemiology of the protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae, which causes the avian disease trichomonosis, in the five wild subpopulations of the endangered pink pigeon Columba mayeri in Mauritius. An average of 89% of the entire population was screened for T. gallinae infection every 2 months between September 2002 and April 2004. A total of 426 individual pink pigeons (all >3 months of age) was screened, and 359 (84.3%) of these tested positive for T. gallinae at least once. Average prevalence of T. gallinae infection across all subpopulations and sampling periods was 50.3% but ranged from 19.6% to 82.4%. Trichomonas gallinae infection was significantly different among subpopulations and prevalence gradually decreased over the entire screening period. Infection prevalence also increased with host age. Observed pathogenicity of T. gallinae was low; active trichomonosis signs were recorded in ca. 1.9% of birds which tested positive. However, birds which persistently tested positive for T. gallinae (33.5% of birds screened) were at least 10% less likely to survive 2 yrs post-screening than birds which tested negative at least once in three consecutive periods; a finding which should be considered by wildlife disease investigators if no pathogenic effects are apparent from the results of studies based on a single screening episode. We conclude that T. gallinae is an additional population limiting factor for pink pigeons and our study highlights the importance of screening other endangered columbids for this pathogen.     

Birds as agents of seed dispersal in a human-dominated landscape in southern Costa Rica

Birds play vital roles as seed dispersers helping to maintain and restore plant communities. With restoration increasingly key to global conservation, it is important to understand the landscape attributes and bird community characteristics that most influence avian seed dispersal in human-altered landscapes. We examined bird community structure and seed-dispersal patterns in agricultural countryside in Costa Rica that is typical of much of the Neotropics. Contrary to expectations, bird abundance, not richness, best predicted the richness of bird-dispersed seeds. Neither forest patch size or proximity, nor total tree cover, influenced seed dispersal. The richness and abundance of dispersed seeds, however, was strongly correlated with “wetness,” a remotely-sensed metric of vegetation, at several scales. These results suggest that in this human-dominated tropical region: (1) bird abundance, not species richness or size, may drive seed dispersal, and (2) remote-sensing combined with field verification can detect landscape elements that are helpful for maintaining the option of bird-mediated reforestation.     

禽腺病毒流行株FAdV-4-AH-F41的分子特征及对细胞因子的诱导作用

【目的】分析1株血清4型禽腺病毒（FAdV-4）流行株的分子特征及其感染对细胞因子的影响。【方法】采集安徽省某禽类养殖场疑似心包积水 肝炎综合症的鸡肝脏组织样本,用鸡肝癌细胞（LMH）对病原进行分离,采用PCR、透射电镜（TEM）观察和间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）对分离的毒株进行鉴定。采用分段扩增后拼接的方法克隆分离毒株的全基因组,对其进行遗传进化分析和序列重组分析。基于柯赫法则,用分离毒株接种无特定病原体（SPF）鸡,检验其致病性。采用实时荧光定量PCR法,检测分离毒株对LMH细胞天然免疫相关细胞因子环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸（cGAS）、干扰素刺激因子（STING）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）、IL-6、IL-8、干扰素-α（IFN-α）、IFN-β、干扰素调节因子7（IRF7）、线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白（MAVS）、主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）Ⅰ-α、MHCⅡ-β等11种细胞因子的诱导作用。【结果】分离鉴定到1株FAdV,其在LMH细胞中培养未出现明显细胞病变效应;病毒粒子直径为70~90 nm,符合FAdV-4的结构特征;免疫荧光试验结果显示,在接种分离毒株的LMH细胞内可观察到亮红色荧光,而对照细胞没有荧光;将该毒株命名为FAdV-4-AH-F41。采用分段扩增后拼接的策略获得了FAdV-4-AH-F41全基因组序列（43 708 bp）;遗传进化分析和序列重组分析发现,FAdV-4-AH-F41与FAdV-4株核苷酸相似性为99.6%;存在3个重组事件,第1个重组事件发生在30 453-30 674 bp,第2个发生在36 884-36 988 bp,第3个发生在43 401-43 715 bp。致病性试验显示,FAdV-4-AH-F41是导致鸡心包积水-肝炎综合症的病原。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,与对照（DMEM/F12处理）相比,用FAdV-4-AH-F41处理后LMH细胞中11种免疫因子的表达量水平均有提升,其中cGAS、IL-6、IRF7、MHCⅡ β差异达极显著水平（P<0.01）,IL-1β、IFN-α、MAVS差异达显著水平（P<0.05）,STING、IL-8、IFN-β、MHCⅠ-α差异不显著。【结论】成功分离1株重组血清4型禽腺病毒,感染LMH细胞会诱导强烈的天然免疫反应。     

Molecular detection of avian spirochete Borrelia anserina in Argas persicus ticks in Algeria

Argasid ticks are one of the most important poultry ectoparasites. They affect poultry directly through blood meal and indirectly through the transmission of pathogens essentially Borrelia anserina, agent of avian borreliosis, one of the most widespread poultry diseases in the world, and is of great economic importance. This study was conducted between April 2014 and March 2015 in the region of Ksar El Boukhari, Algeria, in order to investigate the presence of soft ticks in laying hen farms and to detect B. anserina bacteria using molecular tools. DNA was extracted and screened for the presence of Borrelia spp. DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Borrelia spp. screening was performed using primers and probe targeting the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 83 traditional laying hen farms were visited, of which 39 (46.98 %) were found infested with A. persicus tick. Molecular analysis revealed that 2/34 (5.88 %) of ticks were infected by B. anserina. None of the ticks tested were positive for Rickettsia spp., and Coxiella burnetii. These results constitute the first report in Algeria of A. persicus harboring B. anserina.     

利用“速服宁”进行种鸡场禽沙门氏杆菌病净化的初步研究

为对沙门氏菌及对产蛋率受精率控制,进行服用速服宁对鸡群的平板血检白痢阳性、产蛋率、死胚率检测试验,结果表明,使用速服宁可以控制减少鸡场禽沙门氏菌,鸡白痢阳性鸡转阴效果好,种鸡可再一次使用,鸡产蛋率和受精率也得到很大提高。     

鸡传染性支气管炎实验室诊断方法研究进展

传染性支气管炎是鸡的一种重大传染病,临床上无典型的病变特征,诊断较为困难。现有的实验室检测方法有血清学、病原学和分子生物学方法,但该病病原变异复杂,血清型众多,交叉免疫性低,临床上又多采用活毒进行免疫,以至实验室无法对疫苗毒和野毒进行准确区分。为了更好地控制本病,有必要根据临床特点对目前各种检测鸡传染性支气管炎的方法及其优缺点进行分析,为临床寻找一种适合的快速准确的诊断方法、制定合理的免疫程序和发展新型的诊断方法提供参考。